Managing Across Cultures To all managers - Free Essay Example

The purpose of this report is to provide you with an understanding of the techniques that can be used to maximise the performance of a cross-cultural team. There are many more ideas and way available, nevertheless, the ideas here are a start and will enable you to develop your expertise further. With a cross cultural and diverse team you will have a wide pool of skills with those in your team having a very different understanding of what you expect from them. With a proactive management approach you can maximise these benefits, including training, planning for and committing to diversity as a core strength. By preparing yourself and using the strategies in this report you will be able to achieve synergy, where the team is greater than the sum of the individuals. Many managers and team members question their ability to manage diversity. When someone is different in looks, language, or actions, people may initially feel uncomfortable and wonder how to communicate. After all, the influences that make people behave and interrelate the way they do are complex, and someone unfamiliar with diversity may feel intimidated or confused. Incorporating training into the workplace, based on awareness and understanding of the issues will enable you to lay the foundation for the effective management of a diverse team. Introduction In todays society with cross-culture and diversity in the workplace, it is certain that your team will be diverse. It is the intention that you be made fully aware of how to manage the various cross-cultural and diverse differences. This report will be providing you with information to enable you to understand: the concept of diversity how to communicate effectively the consequences of failing to manage a cross culture and diverse team effectively how to manage a cross culture and diverse team effectively Your team members commitment will depend on whether they are in the core inside circle or involved at a peripheral level. (Kao and NG, 1992) page 377 The key is engaging the member, whereby you will be able to maximise their productiveness. Many of the suggestions will originate from the Handbook by Harry etcc and Anastasia Bibikova and Vadim Kotelnikov, founder of the Ten3 Business e-Coach training material. The concept of diversity Diversity isnt just about how people look or where they come from, its about differences, but not just differences in gender, race, or class. Diversity encompasses other differences as well for example, in abilities or values and beliefs (Bibikova and Kotelnikov, 2010). Some narrowly-focused definitions only refer to diversity in terms of basic personal characteristics. But a true understanding of diversity includes more subtle differences. After all, two people from completely different geographical locations may differ in terms of gender, race, or language, but may share the same beliefs. Alternatively, two similar people of the same gender and community and even working in the same organization can have very different beliefs and values (Bibikova and Kotelnikov, 2010). Diversity encompasses all the ways in which people differ. Diversity can bring with it new and relevant approaches to work. Only when you move beyond simply thinking of it in terms of someones cultural ba ckground can you reap the rewards diversity can bring. Think about a great manager whos really motivated you in the past. What comes to mind? Many people describe such managers as fair, respectful, encouraging, objective, clear, and good listeners. The key in a diverse work environment is to be this way with everyone and not only with the team members whom you feel comfortable with. Managing a diverse team requires a commitment to demonstrate these kinds of attitudes and behaviours with everyone on the team. The more you can really connect with each of your team members, the more youll be able to create a highly productive environment. Once youve established your initial approach to managing diversity by building cross-cultural awareness in yourself and your team, you need to use different techniques to maintain the approach. One technique for managing a diverse team is to effective communication. How to communicate effectively Problems in communication can often be a result of cross-cultural issues. Diaz-guerrero has suggested that when people interact culture dictates the priorities in their conversation. Pg 341. There is a requirement to grasp cultural singularities in order for effective communication to be achieved (Bibikova and Kotelnikov, 2010). Communicating inclusively is being careful that your language doesnt make anyone feel marginalised. All team members should feel comfortable and know their contributions matter. Listening is one of the most important communication skills. You must listen actively to what your team members have to say to be sure you understand what theyre trying to communicate. You also have to be clear when you communicate. Especially in diverse environments, you need to check to make sure all team members understand you (Bibikova and Kotelnikov, 2010). The example below illustrates how a simple hand gesture can be misinterpreted (Bibikova and Kotelnikov, 2010). Di fficulties in managing your team can arise with discrepancies between cultures. People from different cultural backgrounds have different understanding of what makes a good manager. They also will have different understandings of situations and appropriate behaviour (Shaw 1990, 380-381) Your automatic response may not be seen as correct in the opinion of someone from another culture. (Shaw 1990, 380-381) It is recommended that you allow yourself to be exposed to other cultures. (Shaw 1990, 380-381) As a manager of a mature team you will have established a common ground of communication and a basis for mutual understanding. (Anderson, 381) In such circumstances the cultural diversity will not be a hindrance to maximise the teams performance. (Graen and Wakabayasia, 1984, 381) The consequences of failing to manage a cross culture and diverse team effectively In the workplace, there are job demands that require a certain degree of conformity. Does that mean everyone should strive to become more similar, especially when they have to work together? Not at all, people can be very diverse and still find common ground (Bibikova and Kotelnikov, 2010). Some cultures and particularly those in Asian countries, devalue work and associate physical labour to being in slavery. (Frans Maeh Sali |Desai, 374). But more and more, people understand that all the various groups have a great deal to contribute, and can still retain and even celebrate their differences. This doesnt mean its always easy to manage diversity effectively and if its not managed well, diversity can actually decrease group cohesiveness, making it difficult for teams to benefit from their differences in perspective. A challenge for you is to encourage greater cohesion. If diversity isnt managed well, differences can result in wide-ranging effects on a team: social catego risation in a process known as social categorisation, people may judge team members as like me as part of an ingroup or as different from me as in an outgroup poor communication language differences that arise with diverse teams can result in poor communication that impedes understanding conflict team members may feel discomfort with differences, have attitudes based on stereotypes, or be biased against the unfamiliar, which can all lead to conflict (Bibikova and Kotelnikov, 2010). Social categorisation and poor communication often lead to stereotyping. Its common, especially when a new team meets, for members to form opinions about each other based on what they see. They also form opinions on how they expect people to behave. But stereotypes are closed categories that leave no room for individual differences or exceptions, conflict can occur. When people hold preconceived ideas, theyre resistant to ideas or individuals that challenge the stereotype and the person bei ng stereotyped often resents being pigeonholed (Bibikova and Kotelnikov, 2010). This emphasises the need for businesses to manage their teams more effectively. Managing a diverse team effectively A team consisting of many cultures is not necessarily a recipe for disaster. (Anderson, 381) Diversity helps to spark creativity, expand horizons, reveals new ways to approach the world, or grow a business. Without diversity in the workplace, companies run the risk of becoming mono cultural, with only one limited perspective. Effectively managing diversity goes beyond respecting the differences between people. Its about putting those differences to work in the best possible way for both the company and your team members Managing diversity in the workplace is more than simple compliance with laws and regulations. Effective diversity management can address issues such as social categorisation, poor communication, and conflict, and create stronger, more cohesive teams. You can reap several benefits from being able to manage diverse teams effectively: encourage greater creativity youll be able to encourage the greater creativity that comes with a diverse team develop high-quality solutions youll be able to harness the potential of diverse teams to make better-qua lity decisions and develop high-quality solutions be a more effective leader youll be seen as a more effective leader who can direct and guide a cohesive team of diverse individuals create job satisfaction for your team members youll create better job satisfaction for your team members, who will then be more motivated to work for you A diverse team thats well managed one thats comfortable communicating all the varying points of view can be more creative. That same creativity can lead to better team decisions and solutions and resulting in a high performance team. Conclusion When you manage a diverse team well, you can inspire them to perform beyond their perceived potential. Youll be seen as a more effective and valued leader as you are able to communicate well with a diverse group of individuals. By showing your team that their needs and interests are important, youll also create better job satisfaction for all. In turn, your team will be more motivated to achieve the results to enhance your position (Bibikova and Kotelnikov, 2010). In a global business environment, it can be a challenge to manage a diverse team effectively. You need to be able to harness all your team members potential to help them improve their performance. Not managing diverse teams effectively can lead to the problems of social categorisation, poor communication, and conflict and the result in loss productivity. There are many benefits to being able to manage a diverse team effectively. Youll be able to encourage greater creativity, come to better team decisions and solutions, be a more effective leader, and have a happier and more motivated team.

Essay on Knowing Macau with Butlers Life Cycle Model

Knowing Macau with Butlers Life Cycle Model The following literature is suggesting that how a tourist destination can be analyzed with the help of Butlers Tourism Life Cycle Model. Butler (1980) introduced the concept of the model which clarifies and extends earlier work by, for example, Cristaller (1963), Noronha (1976) and Stansfield (1978). In doing so, Butler clearly links the development cycle of tourism destinations to that of products in the product life cycle model. This is one the best used management framework to know the evolution in a tourism destination as described by Baum (1998), the original Butlers model included: • Recognition of dynamism within the tourism environment Ââ€" at the time of its inception, constant†¦show more content†¦This re-assessment is to imperative for destinations in the UK and the USA (Cooper, 1992), now tourists are looking for new destinations and do suffering from boredom by knowing and visiting those destinations which are standing from decades. Macau, it is a new name in worlds recognized tourist destinations. As many tourists does not have any idea about this place (www.kvbc.com) and but rest knows this place as an Asias Las Vegas. Macao is a tiny special administrative region (SAR), a former Portuguese colony, not far ago returned to China (in 1999) under one country two systems model. In fact this tiny piece of land under Chinese rule has become more prosperous and capitalist than during the time when it formally was part of the West. In the years to come Macao may attract even more foreign capitals and people, and may even outshine Las Vegas as wor ld prime place for gambling. Despite what is developing as competition in other Asian countries, as far as Macao remains the only place in China where gambling is allowed, this tiny region can look to the future with optimism. (www.ired.com). Previously, the Macau had just a handful of casinos all owned by the same man. But now, many are under construction and with names that will be very familiar to everyone in Las Vegas. The Chinese economy and gambling restrictions are few of responsible attributes to develop this place as an emerging and a major gambling playground for adults. Minimum bets inShow MoreRelated: Knowing Macau with Butlers Life Cycle Model1773 Words   |  8 PagesKnowing Macau with Butlers Life Cycle Model The following literature is suggesting that how a tourist destination can be analyzed with the help of Butlers Tourism Life Cycle Model. Butler (1980) introduced the concept of the model which clarifies and extends earlier work by, for example, Cristaller (1963), Noronha (1976) and Stansfield (1978). In doing so, Butler clearly links the development cycle of tourism destinations to that of products in the product life cycle model. This is one the best

The Importance of the Printing Press to the Development of...

The Importance of the Printing Press to the Development of the Reformation Both contemporaries and historians acknowledge that the printing press was significant in the spread of ideas of the Reformation. It has been argued by Elizabeth Eisenstein that printing did not just spread Protestant ideas but helped to shape the Reformation in the first place Printing was a cause of religious changes, and not simply a consequence (The Printing Press as an agent of change, CambridgeUniversityPress) Printing ended the scribal corruption and copying errors which made it easier to define theological positions exactly and made it easier for Luther to attack the corruption of the Doctrine. With regard†¦show more content†¦The Church had faced heresy before and had generally contained it slowly but surely, but now it seemed defenseless. The printing press gave it no time. We can see the effect the printing press had on the rate of literacy, in the 60 years since printing had been invented, literacy had grown 20 percent in towns. Although there were some Catholics writing to Luther, they were outnumbered twenty to one by those writing in favor of him. All could have been different if Luther didnt use to such great effect as he did, he used the press as a weapon in personal contests with his opponents. In the early years of the reformation, the Lutherans won the battle of the books hands down. Through the press Luther could also give shape to the services and methods of the new, emerging Church. He was able to publish Hymns and an authentically Lutheran version of Mass. Luther himself recognised his indebtedness to the press, proclaiming that printing is: Gods highest and extremist act of Grace, whereby the business of the gospel is driven forward. Although Printing did not ensure Luthers total control over the Reformation. The press could spread the ideas of one man more quickly and certainly than ever before. John Foxe, writing in the 1560s paid homage to the power of the Press in spreading theShow MoreRelatedInfluence Of The Renaissance On Modern Europe1174 Words   |  5 Pagesmany developments and events have transpired in Europe during these years; none of which were more significant than the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the French Revolution. Of these three events, the Renaissance proved to be the most important event in shaping a modern Europe, with developments in education, class structure/order and social change issues, religion, building construction/use, Medici banking system, art and architecture, humanism, printing and the printing press, andRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Protestant Reformation Why the Protestant Reformation is considered a significant development in the Christian Church. 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Indeed, the processR ead MoreChrist Blessing, Surrounded By A Donor Family1159 Words   |  5 PagesChrist Blessing, Surrounded by a Donor Family (1573-1582) offers valuable insight into a changing European landscape during the sixteenth century. The Protestant Reformation, which reached its climax during this era, rejected many aspects of Catholicism. Among other things, Protestants believed that each individual should read the Bible and develop a meaningful connection to G-d rather than limiting the Bible to the clergy’s interpretation.1 This Protestant belief and other tenets of the ReformersRead MoreSuppressed Darkness On The Medieval Mind Map1582 Words   |  7 Pagesdogmas of the Catholic Church, for there â€Å"was no room for doubt; the possibility of skepticism simply did not exist† (20). 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Without the events that tookRead MoreEssay on Johannes Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press3418 Words   |  14 PagesJohannes Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press Between the 13th and 16th centuries we can see the rise of a print-dominated society; a society which moved away from the Churchs monopoly of information that existed until that time. There were many social, economic and political changes. It was not because of the printing press that those changes were brought about, but perhaps they could have not happened so fast without the print. Johann Gutenberg managed to bring

The Underlying Courage in “A Wrinkle in Time” free essay sample

In the very beginning, of the novel, Meg is the first to display courage. She does so by defending her little brother, Charles Wallace’s name, because â€Å"†¦one of the boys had said something about her â€Å"dumb baby brother† at this she’d thrown her books†¦and tackled him with every ounce of strength she had† (L’Engle 4). Even though all the characters portray some type of courage, Meg shows the most throughout the novel. Meg’s personality, in the beginning, was a little off, as she was still trying to find out who she was and how her quirks are her strengths and how it makes her who she is. Her parents, before her father left, have been trying to prepare her for the greater things she has to overcome in the future by giving her IQ tests and teaching her complicated mathematics which caused disruptive problems in her class. We will write a custom essay sample on The Underlying Courage in â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though she thought she was dumb, which is not true, and even having her classmates ridicule her, it helped her when she was on Camazotz. The journey strengthened her courage, because she was used to her classmates being rude and demeaning to her, so when she had to deal with the red eyed man she just thought of him as the same as other on Earth. Her courage is truly developed in chapter twelve after she realizes she is the only one that can save Charles Wallace from the huge exposed brain. â€Å"That is has to be me. It can’t be anyone else. I don’t understand Charles, but he understands me. I’m the one who’s closest to him,† she is the only one that can save him because her father has been away from them too long, to reach through to Charles Wallace, and Calvin O’Keefe (a classmate Meg met on the way to the Mrs. W’s house) for a short amount of time (195). All things considered, â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time† has many supporting themes but the main theme is courage. Courage from the characters shows up in almost every chapter. Peculiarly through Meg and Charles Wallace Murry. The courage shown in the two characters can relate to Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s journey and the Christianity framework. Courage shines through the whole novel and it is not hard to miss; it is what kept the children stick together and to complete their journey. Works Cited LEngle, Madeleine. A Wrinkle in Time. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1962. Print.

Nut Grass and Bignay Bark Extracts as Effective Termite Killer Essay Example

Nut Grass and Bignay Bark Extracts as Effective Termite Killer Essay Termite is a common name for numerous species of social insects that can damage wooden structures such as furniture or houses. Of about 2000 known species, most are distributed in tropical countries and some inhabit the temperate regions of North and South America; two have become established in southern Europe. Termites are known also as white ants, a misnomer based on superficial similarities in the appearance and habits of these two insect groups. True ants belong to a more advanced insect order that includes also the bees and the wasps.Termites are relatively primitive; they have thick waists and soft bodies and undergo incomplete metamorphosis (see Insect: Metamorphosis). Nevertheless, they have developed remarkable patterns of social behavior that are almost as elaborate as those of the ants. To prevent damage by termites, building foundations should be built of materials other than wood. Because cracks may develop in such foundations and provide passageways to the wooden parts of the structure, the soil should be treated first with an insecticide to discourage termitic incursions.Control is obtained also by using wood treated with creosote or some other poisonous chemical. Because most worker termites cannot live without moisture, the termitaries should be exposed to dry air. Meanwhile, Nut Grass (Cyperus rotundus (coco-grass, purple nut sedge, red nut sedge) is a species of sedge (Cyperaceae) native to Africa, southern and central Europe (north to France and Austria), and southern Asia. Also, found throughout the Philippines; a common weed in gardens, lawns and wastelands. Cyperus rotundus is a perennial plant, that may reach a height of up to 40  cm.The names nut grass and nut sedge (shared with the related species Cyperus esculentus) are derived from its tubers, that somewhat resemble nuts, although botanically they have nothing to do with nuts. The root system of a young plant initially forms white, fleshy rhizomes. Some rhizomes grow upward in the soil, then form a bulb-like structure from which new shoots and roots grow, and from the new roots, new rhizomes grow. Other rhizomes grow horizontally or downward, and form dark reddish-brown tubers or chains of tubers. Plants like Nut Grass excrete essential oils and have been identified as significant organic insect repellents.Experts call such plants are Terpetenoids. On the other hand. Bignay (Antidesma bunius)  is a species of  fruit tree  in the  Phyllanthaceae. It is native to  Southeast Asia  and northern  Australia. Its common Philippine name and other names include  bignay,[1]  bugnay or bignai,  Chinese-laurel,[1]  Herbert River-cherry,[1]  Queensland-cherry,[1]  salamander-tree,[1]  wild cherry,[1]  and  currant tree. [1]  This is a variable plant which may be short and shrubby or tall and erect, approaching 30 meters in height. It has large oval shaped leathery evergreen leaves up to about 20 centimeters long and seven wide.They are a ttached to the twigs of the tree with short  petioles, creating a dense canopy. The species is  dioecious, with male and female flowers growing on separate trees. The flowers have a strong, somewhat unpleasant scent. The  staminate  flowers are arranged in small bunches and the  pistillate  flowers grow on long  racemes  which will become the long strands of fruit. The fruits are spherical and just under a centimeter wide, hanging singly or paired in long, heavy bunches. They are white when immature and gradually turn red, then black. Each bunch of fruits ripens unevenly, so the fruits in a bunch are all different colors.The skin of the fruit has red juice, while the white pulp has colorless juice. The fruit contains a light-colored stone. The fruit has a sour taste similar to that of the  cranberry  when immature, and a tart but sweet taste when ripe. This tree is cultivated across its native range and the fruits are most often used for making  jam. It is ofte n grown as a backyard fruit tree in  Java. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Antidesma_bunius) The bark is poisonous, containing a toxic alkaloid. Contains phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids. (http://www. stuartxchange. org/Bignay. html)Insecticides are agents of chemical or biological origin that control insects. Control may result from killing the insect or otherwise preventing it from engaging in behaviors deemed destructive. Insecticides may be natural or manmade and are applied to target pests in a myriad of formulations and delivery systems (sprays, baits, slow-release diffusion, etc. ). The science of biotechnology has, in recent years, even incorporated bacterial genes coding for insecticidal proteins into various crop plants that deal death to unsuspecting pests that feed on them. (http://ipmworld. umn. edu/chapters/ware. tm) The insecticidal properties of the two plants as well as their abundance in Aklan particularly in the municipalities of Albasan and I bajay have motivated the researches to conduct this investigatory project especially nowadays when termites are nuisance to schools, offices and households. B. Statement of the Problem 1. What is the level of effectiveness of using Nut Grass (Cyperus Rotundus) Extract and Bignay (Antidesma Bunius) Bark extracts as a Termite Killer? 2. Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness of Nut Grass extract and Bignay bark extract in terms of termites killed?C. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of the two samples (Nut Grass Extract and Bignay Bark Extract) in terms of termites killed. D. Significance of the Study The results of the study will be of value to the community and manufacturers to come up with an alternative that can be used for many applications as a cost-efficient material component and environment-friendly in terminating the termites. If the researchers are lead by the study, the outcomes will be implemented for the best of all. E.Scope and Limitations of the Study This study was limited on the determination of the effectiveness of Nut Grass (Cyperus rotundus) extract and Bignai (Antidesma Bunius Lenn. Spreng) Bark extract as a termite killer. It was studied and conducted at Kalibo Pilot Elementary School last July – August 2012. F. Definition of Terms For better understanding of the study, some relevant terms are given their definition. ALKALOIDS – Alkaline compound found in plants; a group of nitrogen – containing compounds that are physiologically active as poison or drugs. Microsoft Encarta Dictionary) CAROTENOIDS  are  tetraterpenoid  organic  pigments  that are naturally occurring in the  chloroplasts  and  chromoplasts  of plants and some other  photosynthetic  organisms  like  algae, some  bacteria, and some types of  fungus. Carotenoids can be synthesized fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms. Carote noids generally cannot be manufactured by species in the  animal  kingdom (although one species of aphid is known to have acquired the genes  for synthesis of the carotenoid  torulene  from  fungi  by  horizontal gene transfer[1]).Animals obtain carotenoids in their diets, and may employ them in various ways in metabolism. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Carotenoid) EXTRACT – to withdraw (as juice) by physical or chemical process. Purified substance; a concentrated or purified substance obtained by first using a solvent to dissolve the substance when present in a mixture and then evaporating the solvent. An  extract  is a substance made by  extracting  a part of a  raw material, often by using a  solvent  such as  ethanol  or  water.Extracts may be sold as  tinctures  or in powder form. (Microsoft Encarta Dictionary) FLAVONOIDS – phenolic compounds naturally occurring compounds belonging to a large group that includes many plants pigments; have many beneficial effects in human diet as anti-oxidants, neutralizing free radicals which damage body tissue and lead to heart disease, strokes and cancer. (Microsoft Encarta Dictionary). ANTHOCYANINS  (also  anthocyans) are  water-soluble  vacuolar  pigments that may appear red, purple, or blue depending on the  pH.They belong to a parent class of molecules called  flavonoids  synthesized via the  phenylpropanoid  pathway; they are odorless and nearly flavorless, contributing to taste as a moderately  astringent  sensation. Anthocyanins occur in all  tissues  of higher plants, including  leaves,  stems,  roots,  flowers, and  fruits. Anthoxanthins  are their clear, white to yellow counterparts occurring in plants. Anthocyanins are derivatives of  anthocyanidins, which include pendant sugar (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Anthocyanin) PESTICIDE is any substance or mixture of substances specifically intended to prevent, repel, destroy or lessen the effect of a pest.The term pesticides is technically a catch-all phrase that specifically means one of the following: insecticide, herbicide, fungicide or any other chemical substances used to control pests. Pests that pesticides fight or kill may include insects and insect-like organisms, unwanted plants, weeds, fungi, viruses or bacteria that cause plant diseases, mice and other vertebrate animals or any other pest that may attack plants, soil, trees, structures or people. (http://organic. about. com/od/organicdefinitionsop/g/Pesticide-Definition-Of-Pesticide. tm) PESTICIDE   are substances or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. [1]  A pesticide may be a  chemical  substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacterium), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any  pest. Pests include  insects, plant  pathogens, weeds,  molluscs,  birds,  mammals,  fish, nematodes (r oundworms), and  microbes  that destroy property, spread disease or are a  vector  for disease or cause a nuisance. (Grolier’s Encyclopedia) Chapter II | REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Pharmacological activities of Nut GrassNutgrass is used to treat poor appetite, diarrhea, dysentery, fevers, parasites, gastritis, indigestion, and sluggish liver. It is said to tone the liver, spleen, and pancreas, and to treat malabsorption. Nutgrass can also be used to treat high blood pressure, bloody stool and urine, and vomiting blood, breast tumors, candida, colds, flu, and colic. It helps treat convulsions, moodiness and depression, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the pain and cramps associated with PMS, menopause, and heart palpitations. In India they use Nutgrass in hair and skin products as it stimulates sebaceous glands near the hair roots.The oil extracted from this plant is used in perfumery. A decoction of the roots and tubers is used as an antidote to any kind of poison. T he 5% nutgrass flatsedge extract can inhibit the isolated uteri of experimental animals by reducing their contractility and tension. Its volatile oil has a mild estrogen-like action. Its water decoction can reduce the tonicity of the intestinal canal and counter acetylcholine. The water solutions of its total alkaloid, glycosides, flavonoids and phenolic compounds have Cardiotonic and hypotensive effects.Alterative, Analgesic, Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory, Antimalarial, Antimicrobial, Anti-pyretic, Astringent, Carminative, Demulcent, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emmenagogueue, Emollient, Febrifuge, Hypoglycemic, Hypotensive, Immunostimulant, Nervine, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic, Vermifuge,Pungent, slightly bitter and slightly sweet in flavor, mild in nature, it is related to the liver, spleen and sanjiao (Three Warmers) channels. Stimulant, tonic, demulent, diuretic, anthelmintic, stomache, carminative, diaphoretic, astringent, emmenagogue and vermifuge. (http://www. mdidea. com/produ cts/proper/proper057paper. tml) Chemical Composition of Nut Grass Nut Grass leaves and roots contains: flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and fatty oils (glycerides). (http://www. tropilab. com/nutgrass. html) This herb contains a volatile oil with b-pinene, cyperene, a-cyperone b-cyperone and a-cyperol as its main ingredients. It also contains alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids. (http://www. mdidea. com/products/proper/proper057paper. html) Pharmacological activities of Bignay The tree may be shrubby, 10 to 26 ft (3-8 m) high, or may reach up to 50 or even 100 ft (15-30 m). It has wide-spreading branches forming a dense crown.The evergreen, alternate leaves are oblong, pointed, 4 to 9 in (10-22. 5 cm) long, 2 to 3 in (5-7. 5 cm) wide, dark-green, glossy, leathery, with very short petioles. The tiny, odorous, reddish male and female flowers are produced on separate trees, the male in axillary or terminal spikes, the female in terminal racemes 3 to 8 in (7. 5-20 cm) long. The round or ovoid fruits, up to 1/3 in (8 mm) across, are borne in grapelike, pendent clusters (often paired) which are extremely showy because the berries ripen unevenly, the pale yellowish-green, white, bright-red and nearly black stages present at the same time.The skin is thin and tough but yields an abundance of bright-red juice which leaves a purple stain on fabrics, while the pulp, only 1/8 in (3 mm) thick is white with colorless juice. Whole fruits are very acid, much like cranberries, when unripe; are subacid, slightly sweet, when fully ripe. Some tasters detect a bitter principle or unpleasant aftertaste which is unnoticeable to others. There is a single, straw-colored stone, an irregular, flattened oval, ridged or fluted, very hard, 3/8 in (1 cm) long, 1/4 in (6 mm) wide. P. J.Wester mentions a very distinct and superior variety as reliably reported from the Mountain Province, Philippines. Origin and Distribution The bignay is native and common in the wild from the lower Himalayas i n India, Ceylon, and southeast Asia (but not Malaya) to the Philippines and northern Australia. It is an abundant and invasive species in the Philippines; occasionally cultivated in Malaya; grown in every village in Indonesia where the fruits are marketed in clusters. The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from the Philippines in 1905 twice in 1913), and again in 1918).Quite a few trees have been planted in southern Florida in the past and the fruits were formerly appreciated as a source of juice for jelly, commercialized in a limited way, but are rarely so used today. There are specimens in experimental stations in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Honduras and Hawaii. Climate The tree is not strictly tropical for it has proved to be hardy up to central Florida. It thrives in Java from sea-level to 4,000 ft (1,200 m). It grows well and flowers but does not set fruit in Israel. Propagation Many seeds are non-viable in Florida, perhaps because of inadequate pollination.Since see dlings may turn out to be male, and female seedlings may not bear for a number of years, vegetative propagation is preferred. The tree is readily multiplied by cuttings, grafting or air-layering. The air-layers have borne fruit in 3 years after transplanting to the field. Ochse recommends grafting in the wet season because scions will remain dormant in dry weather. Most female trees will bear some fruit without the presence of a male because many of the flowers are perfect. Culture The trees should be spaced 40 to 45 ft (12-14 m) apart, each way.And one male tree should be planted for every 10 to 12 females to provide cross-pollination. Wind-protection is desirable when the trees are small. Otherwise they require very little cultural attention. Yield Yield varies greatly from tree to tree if they are grown from seed. A mature tree in Florida has produced 15 bushels of fruit in a season. One very old tree at the home of Dr. David Fairchild produced 22 bushels yielding 72 gals (273 li ters) of juice. Season In Indonesia, the trees flower in September and October and the fruits mature in February and March.The fruiting season is July to September in North Vietnam. In Florida it extends from late summer through fall and winter because some trees bloom much later than others. Pests and Diseases The tree is attacked by termites in Southeast Asia. In Florida, the leaves may be heavily attacked by mealybugs and by scale insects and sooty mold develops on their excretions. Here, also, the foliage is subject to green scurf and algal leaf spot caused by  Cephaleuros tirescens. Food Uses In Malaya, the fruits are eaten mostly by children. Indonesians cook the fruits with fish.Elsewhere the fruits (unripe and ripe together) are made into jam and jelly though the juice is difficult to jell and pectin must be added. Some cooks add lemon juice as well. If the extracted bignay juice is kept under refrigeration for a day or so, there will be a settling of somewhat astringent s ediment which can be discarded, thus improving the flavor. For several years, the richly-colored jelly was produced on a small commercial scale in southern Florida. The juice makes an excellent sirup and has been successfully fermented into wine and brandy.In Indonesia and the Philippines, the leaves are eaten raw or stewed with rice. They are often combined with other vegetables as flavoring. _____________________________________________________________________________Morton, J. 1987. Bignay. p. 210–212. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, M Toxicity The bark contains a toxic alkaloid. The heavy fragrance of the flowers, especially the male, is very obnoxious to some individuals. Other Uses Bark:  The bark yields a strong fiber for rope and cordage. Wood:  The timber is reddish and hard.If soaked in water, it becomes heavy and, according to Drury, black as iron. It has been experimentally pulped for making cardboard. Medicinal Uses:  The leaves are sudorific and employed in treating snakebite, in Asia. | | Chemical Composition of Bignai (Antidesma Bunius) Phytochemicals / Flavonoids:  Analysis on Flavanoids Contents in Mao Luang Fruits of Fifteen Cultivars (Antidesma bunius), Grown in Northeast Thailand:  Study showed 15 cultivars to possess different amounts of flavonoids of catechin, proyanidins B1 and B2.Cytotoxicity:  (1) Biological Activity of Bignay [Antidesma bunius (L. ) Spreng] Crude Extract in Artemia salina: Study suggests that bignay possibly contains compounds with potential cytotoxic activity. The bark is poisonous, containing an toxic alkaloid. Contains phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and carotenoids. (http://www. stuartxchange. org/Bignay. html) Pesticide application Pesticide application  refers to the practical way in which  pesticides, (including  herbicides,  fungicides,  insecticides, or  nematode  control agents) are delivered to their  biological targets  (e. . pest  organism,  crop   or other plant). Public concern about the use of pesticides has high-lighted the need to make this process as efficient as possible, in order to minimize their release into the environment and human exposure (including operators, bystanders and consumers of produce). (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pesticide_application). Application methods for household insecticides Pest management in the home begins with restricting the availability to insects of three vital commodities: shelter, water and food.If insects become a problem despite such measures, it may become necessary to control them using chemical methods,  targeting  the  active ingredient  to the particular pest. [11] Insecticide used for killing  pests—most often  insects, and  arachnids—primarily comes in an aerosol can, and is sprayed directly on the insect or its nest as a means of killing it. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pesticide_application) Chapter III Methodology This chapter include s the following topics: materials used in the experimentation, and the processes involved in making the treatments, ethods of research, collection of data used and statistical treatment Materials Nut grass leaves, Bignay bark, water, mortar and pestle, blender, coffee grinder, strainer, measuring spoon, warm water, beaker, graduated cylinder, plastic sprays, containers, scissors, basin Procedures A. Gathering of Materials The nut grass leaves were taken from the hometown of one of the researchers, while the bignay bark was taken from the KPES school campus. Materials as well as the apparatuses were taken from the science laboratory, gathered and prepared by the researchers for the study. B. Preparation of TreatmentsA. 100 ml. bignay bark extract and 0 ml. nut grass extract B. 50 ml. bignay bark extract and 50 ml. nut grass extract C. 0 ml. bignay bark extract and 100 ml. nut grass extract C. Application of Treatments The experiment was conducted at the Kalibo Pilot Elementary School , Kalibo, Aklan. The researchers gathered the needed materials for the experiment. There were three replications for each treatment. It was applied and tested from July 2012 to August 2012 and recorded by the researchers and were subjected to statistical treatment. Flowchart Gathering of Materials| Preparation of TreatmentsApplication of Treatments Evaluation of Treatments D. Evaluation of Treatments The researchers evaluated the samples in every replication using the Scaling System Mean of Samples Died| | | Description| | | | | 7. 00 – 10. 00| | Very effective| 4. 00 – 6. 59| | Effective| 1. 00 – 3. 59| | Not effective | E . Research Design The research design used in the study was completely randomized design. This is for studying the effects of one primary factor without the need to take other  nuisance variables  into account. There were three samples replicated three times applied at random on the sample.Completely Randomized Design was appropriate for the study because it has three homogenous sample. F. Data Collection Technique Pure observation method was used as a data collecting tools. The researchers took charge of the application and observation of the termite killing during school days between July 2012 to August 2012 for the purpose of data gathering. The data gathered were subjected to statistical treatment. G. Statistical Tool Used The mean (or average) of a set of data values is the sum of all of the data values divided by the number of data values.The mean is useful for predicting future results when there are no extreme values in the data set. Standard deviation shows how much variation or dispersion exists from the average (mean, or expected value). A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean, whereas high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values. The data were interpreted using the Statistical Package for Social Scienc es Software. (SPSS). Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Table 1-ALevel of Effectiveness of Using Nut Grass (Cyperus Rotundus) Extract as a Termite Killer Treatment A Treatment (Level of Extract)| Replicates| Number of Samples Mortality| Total| Mean | SD| Descriptive Equivalent| | 1| 2| 3| 1| 2| 3| | | | | A| 10| 10| 10| 6| 6| 5| 17| 5. 66| 3. 01| Effective | Table 1-A shows the number of termites killed by using 100 ml. nut grass extract. Results show that treatment A with a mean result of 5. 66 signifies that it is an effective termite killer. Table 1-B Level of Effectiveness of Using Nut Grass (Cyperus Rotundus) Extract and Bignay (Antidesma Bunius) Bark Extracts as a Termite Killer Treatment BTreatment (Level of Extract)| Replicates| Number of Samples Mortality| Total| Mean | SD| Descriptive Equivalent| | 1| 2| 3| 1| 2| 3| | | | | B| 10| 10| 10| 5| 6| 7| 18| 6| 3. 05| Effective| Table 1-B shows the number of termites killed by 50 ml nut grass extract and 50 ml bignay bark extract. Results show that treatment B with a mean result of 6 is Effective as a termite killer. Table 1-C Level of Effectiveness of Using Bignay (Antidesma Bunius) Bark Extracts as a Termite Killer Treatment C Treatment (Level of Extract)| Replicates| Number of Samples Mortality| Total| Mean| SD| Descriptive Equivalent| | 1| 2| 3| 1| 2| 3| | | | |C| 10| 10| 10| 10| 8| 9| 27| 9| 1. 67| Very Effective| In Table 1 – C, a mean result of 5 shows the number of termites killed by treatment C. Results show that treatment C with 100 ml Bignay bark Extract is effective as a termite killer. Table 2 Difference in the Effectiveness of Nut Grass Extract and Bignay Bark Extract in Terms of Termites Killed Treatment| Mortality Rate| Mean Mortality| Verbal Description| | R1| R2| R3| | | A| 6| 6| 5| 6a| Effective| B| 5| 6| 7| 6a| Effective| C| 10| 8| 9| 9b| Very effective| *significant at 5% alpha level Table 2 shows the mortality rate of termites in each treatment.Treatmen t A with a mean mortality of 6a is effective as a termite killer. While, treatment B with a mean mortality rate of 6a is effective as a termite killer. On the other hand, treatment C with a mean mortality rate of 9b very effective as termite killer. Chapter V Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations This chapter presents the findings, summary of this investigatory project, the conclusions drawn based from the actual result and findings obtained, and some recommendations implied for further improvement of the study and researches done. SummaryThe study determined the insecticidal effect of cyperus rotundus extract and bignay (antidesma bunius) bark extracts as Termite Killer. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions; 1. What is the level of effectiveness of using Nut Grass (Cyperus Rotundus) Extract and Bignay (Antidesma Bunius) Bark extracts as a Termite Killer? 2. Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness of the two samples ( Nut Grass extract and Bignay bark extract) in terms of termites killed? The study was conducted between the months of July 2012 to August 2012.In the collection of data, the treatments were rated based on the scales provided as grouped according to the levels of nut grass extract and bignay bark extract. Findings: The following significance were noted: 1. The mean mortality of treatment A was 6a or Effective, while the mean mortality of treatment B was 6a or Effective on the other hand, the mean mortality of treatment C was 9b or Very Effective. 2. The mean result of all the treatments shows that all the treatments have the insecticidal effect. 3. Results show that treatments A, B, and C can be effectively used as termite killer Conclusions: It was concluded that: . The mean mortality of treatment A was 6a or Effective, while the mean mortality of treatment B was 6a or Effective on the other hand, the mean mortality of treatment C was 9b or Very Effective. 2. Nut Grass Extract and Bignay bark Extract can be effectively used as termite killer. 3. Nutgrass extract and bignay bark extract posses the insecticidal effect for termites. Recommendations: Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are made: 1. Treatment A, B and C are all effective and can be used as a termite killer. 2. Future researchers should discover other ways of utilizing nut grass and bignay. 3.Information dissemination should be done to promote awareness of the new product. Bibliography / Interactive Materials: New World Encyclopedia. com Microsoft Encarta http://www. ciwmb. ca. gov/publications/plastics/43207003. pdf International Starch Institute http://www. foodreference. com/html/art-sweet-potato-yam. html http://www. freepatentsonline. com/5861461. html) http://www. experiment-resources. com/experimental research. html#ixzz2cIx66pVF (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Antidesma_bunius) (http://www. stuartxchange. org/Bignay. html) (http://ipmworld. umn. edu/chapters/ware. htm (http://en. wikipedia . org/wiki/Anthocyanin)

How Successful Have Revolutions proved as Ways of Changing t essays

How Successful Have Revolutions proved as Ways of Changing t essays Revolutions as a catalyst for change are always going to be world changing events. By their nature a revolution pertains to either the overthrow of an existing political system or a dramatic change in ideas or practice. Yet one must consider the wider world in context. Whilst in all cases the revolution will change the immediate area, which may be considered by the local populace their world, in a wider context the actual impact of the revolutions may not have such an impact, or as in most cases that will be set out in this essay the revolutions will be set as a part of a larger set of circumstances. Revolutions are never isolated incidents, but a reaction to events viewed by a section of the populace, which they view to be unjust or wrong. The degree of success in changing the world is exceedingly difficult to ratify. In some systems such as Marxist Communism, the fruits of revolution may yet bloom from the failures of the democracy we are now living in. Thus the impact of the 1917 Russian Revolution may still be considered to be carrying on to this day within China, Cuba and North Korea, and these nations, especially in the Far East may yet change the world in the name of the Communist ideals they follow. Even now the impact of the French revolution can be seen within the democratic ideas the country shows, and through her actions within the European Union, upholding the constitutional ideals held by the original revolutionaries from back in 1789. To answer such a multi faceted question as has been set here, one must first consider the different types of revolution that can take place. Firstly a proletarian revolution spawns from below where the general populace, largely peasants, rises against the ruling class. Whilst Marxist thinking would deem this a true revolution, in reality the lack of organisation especially in a world before modern communications technology preve...

Segmentation and Targeting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Segmentation and Targeting - Research Paper Example According to the book entitled â€Å"Principles of Marketing,† the primary method of evaluating a company’s marketing strategies is by way of SWOT analysis. SWOT stands for strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). According to the article entitled â€Å"Marketing at McDonalds,† the company’s strengths lies in its brand and the extensive marketing research that the company performs (â€Å"Marketing at McDonalds†, 2011). Additionally, the company’s main opportunity is the continued population growth which provides more customers (â€Å"Marketing at McDonald’s,†2011). The weakness of the company is the brand maturity which means that as the company ages, they still need to make important changes in order to keep up with the competition (â€Å"Marketing at McDonald’s,† 2011). Finally, the threats to McDonalds include the growing health awareness and the connection between fast food and obesity as well as competition from other fast food establishments (â€Å"Marketing at McDonald’s, †2011). Perhaps the genius behind McDonalds lies in the fact that there does not appear to be a specific target market when it comes to advertising and marketing. The book â€Å"Principles of Marketing† defines a target market as a â€Å"set of buyers who share common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve†(Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). For some companies, there is a very specific target market that they are trying to reach. McDonalds, on the other hand, markets to all different types of races, languages, and lifestyles. The only common need that the consumers all appear to share is that of wanting affordable, tasty, and quick food. Therefore, these are the elements that McDonalds must play up within their marketing mix. According to the article entitled â€Å"Marketing at McDonald’s,† the company utilizes four main compo nents for its marketing strategy: product, price, promotion, and place (â€Å"Marketing at McDonalds,† 2011). The company has an overall objective of setting itself apart from its competitors by effectively meeting the goals for the marketing mix. For product and price, the company must look at what they are providing and determine what needs to be revamped and what is performing at expectations. Additionally, price must come into play as the company determines how much value the customers place on the product that McDonalds sells as part of the restaurants popularity is associated with low prices. Determining the physical positioning of the McDonald’s restaurant takes a lot of research as locations must be scouted in order to find the one with potential consumers and less competition. Finally, promotion involves the media advertisements that the company puts out in order to draw in consumers. The company must position itself in such a way as to make their ads stand ou t and apart from the multitude of other advertisements that people are bombarded with on a daily basis. Currently, McDonalds has been in the midst of changing their product line in order to secure their position as one of the top fast food restaurants in the world. According to the article entitled â€Å"McDonald’s adds oatmeal to the menu,† in the beginning of 2011 McDonalds began adding healthier breakfast items to their menu such as oatmeal, yogurt parfaits, and fruit salads in order to help combat some